τῶν ψυχῶν

σωτηρία, ας, ἡ (Trag., Hdt.+)

① deliverance, preservation, w. focus on physical aspect: fr. impending death, esp. on the sea (IMaronIsis 11; Diod S 3, 40, 1 λιμὴν σωτηρίας; 2 Macc 3:32; GrBar 1:3; Philo, Mos. 1, 317; Jos., Ant. 7, 5; 183; Ar. 3, 2) Ac 27:34; Hb 11:7. Of the deliverance of the Israelites fr. Egyptian bondage (Jos., Ant. 2, 331) Ac 7:25 (διδόναι σωτηρίαν on the part of a deity: Menand., Col. Fgm. 292, 5=1, 5 Kö.). Survival of a hand punished by fire GJs 20:3. A transition to mng. 2 is found in Lk 1:71, where σωτηρία ἐξ ἐχθρῶν ἡμῶν deliverance from the hand of our enemies is expected (cp. Ps 105:10 and ApcPt Rainer ἐν σωτηρίᾳ Ἀχερουσίας λίμνης, where the ref. is to a baptism marking the beginning of life in Elysium); 1 Cl 39:9 (Job 5:4).—S. λίμνη, end.

② salvation, w. focus on transcendent aspects (LXX, Just., Iren; cp. Herm. Wr. 7, 2 [on salvation through gnosis s. GLuck, SBLSP 24, ’85, 315–20]; Ael. Aristid., Sacr. Serm. 3, 46 p. 424 Keil ἐγένετο φῶς παρὰ τῆς Ἴσιδος καὶ ἕτερα ἀμύθητα φέροντα εἰς σωτηρίαν; the Hymn to Attis in Firmicus Maternus, De Errore Prof. Relig. 22, 1 Θαρρεῖτε μύσται τοῦ θεοῦ σεσωσμένου. Ἔσται γὰρ ὑμῖν ἐκ πόνων σωτηρία [HHepding, Attis, seine Mythen u. sein Kult 1903, 167]. The Lat. ‘salus’ in the description of the Isis ceremony in Apuleius corresponds to the Gk. σωτηρία [GAnrich, Das antike Mysterienwesen 1894, 47f; Rtzst., Mysterienrel.³ 39]). In our lit. this sense is found only in connection w. Jesus Christ as Savior. This salvation makes itself known and felt in the present, but it will be completely disclosed in the future. Opp. ἀπώλεια Phil 1:28 (Mel., P. 49, 356; on the probability of military metaphor s. EKrentz, in Origins and Method, JHurd Festschr., ed. BMcLean, ’93, 125f); θάνατος (cp. Damasc., Vi. Isid. 131: through Attis and the Mother of the Gods there comes ἡ ἐξ ᾅδου γεγονυῖα ἡμῶν σωτ.) 2 Cor 7:10; ὀργή 1 Th 5:9. W. ζωή 2 Cl 19:1; ζωὴ αἰώνιος IEph 18:1. σωτηρία αἰώνιος (Is 45:17) Hb 5:9; short ending of Mk; ἣ κοινὴ ἡμῶν σωτ. Jd 3 (SIG 409, 33f ἀγωνιζόμενος ὑπὲρ τῆς κοινῆς σωτηρίας); σωτ. ψυχῶν salvation of souls 1 Pt 1:9 (ς. τῶν ψυχῶν Hippol., Ref. 10, 19, 3); cp. vs. 10 (ESelwyn, 1 Pt ’46, 252f). σωτηρία ἡ τῶν ἐκλεκτῶν MPol 22:1. ἡ τῶν σῳζομένων σωτ. 17:2 (ἡ ς. τῶν μετανοούντων Did., Gen. 71, 28; σωτηρία τῶν ἀγαθῶν Hippol., Ref. 7, 28, 6; ἡ τῶν ἀνθρώπων ς. Orig., C. Cels. 4, 73, 13). On κέρας σωτηρίας Lk 1:69 s. κέρας 3. σωτηρίας as objective gen. dependent upon various nouns: γνῶσις σωτηρίας Lk 1:77; ἐλπὶς σωτ. (TestJob 24:1; cp. Philemo Com. 181 οἱ θεὸν σέβοντες ἐλπίδας καλὰς ἔχουσιν εἰς σωτηρίαν) 1 Th 5:8; 2 Cl 1:7; ἔνδειξις σωτ. Phil 1:28 (opp. ἀπώλεια). τὸ εὐαγγέλιον τῆς σωτηρίας ὑμῶν Eph 1:13. ὁ λόγος τῆς σωτηρίας ταύτης Ac 13:26. ὁδὸς σωτηρίας way to salvation 16:17; περιποίησις σωτ. 1 Th 5:9. ἡμέρα σωτηρίας (quot. fr. Is 49:8) of the day when the apostle calls them to salvation 2 Cor 6:2ab (cp. the mystery in Apuleius, Metam. 11, 5 ‘dies salutaris’ = ‘day of initiation’). Christ is ὁ ἀρχηγὸς τῆς σωτ. Hb 2:10 (ἀρχηγός 3). ὁ θεὸς τῆς σωτ. μου 1 Cl 18:14 (Ps 50:16).—Used w. verbs: ἔχειν σωτηρίαν Hv 2, 2, 5; 3, 6, 1; m 10, 2, 4; 12, 3, 6. κληρονομεῖν σωτηρίαν Hb 1:14. τὴν ἑαυτοῦ σωτ. κατεργάζεσθαι Phil 2:12 (κατεργάζομαι 2). σωτηρίας τυχεῖν τῆς ἐν Χριστῷ Ἰ. 2 Ti 2:10 (τυχεῖν σωτηρίας: Diod S 11, 4, 4; 11, 9, 1). εἰς σωτηρίαν for salvation (i.e. to appropriate it for oneself or grant it to another) Ro 1:16; 10:1, 10; 2 Cor 7:10; Phil 1:19 (ἀποβαίνω 2); 2 Th 2:13; 2 Ti 3:15; 1 Pt 2:2. πόρρω … ἀπὸ τῆς σωτ. 1Cl 39:9 (Job 3:4). τὰ ἀνήκοντα εἰς σωτηρίαν the things that pertain to salvation 1 Cl 45:1; B 17:1 (cp. SIG 1157, 12f).—σωτηρία is plainly expected to be fully culminated w. the second coming of the Lord Ro 13:11; Hb 9:28; 1 Pt 1:5.—(ἡ) σωτηρία without further qualification= salvation is also found Lk 19:9 (cp. GJs 19:2); J 4:22 (ἡ σωτ. ἐκ τῶν Ἰουδαίων ἐστίν); Ac 4:12 (cp. Jos., Ant. 3, 23 ἐν θεῷ εἶναι τ. σωτηρίαν αὐτοῦ καὶ οὐκ ἐν ἄλλῳ); Ro 11:11; 2 Cor 1:6; Hb 2:3 (τηλικαύτη σωτ.); 6:9. ἡ σωτ. ἡμῶν 2 Cl 1:1; 17:5; B 2:10.—Christ died even for the salvation of the repentant Ninevites in the time of Jonah 1 Cl 7:7; cp. vs. 4.—σωτηρία stands by metonymy for σωτήρ (in the quot. fr. Is 49:6) τοῦ εἶναί σε εἰς σωτηρίαν ἕως ἐσχάτου τῆς γῆς Ac 13:47; B 14:8. On the other hand, for a circumstance favorable for our attainment of salvation ἡγεῖσθαί τι σωτηρίαν 2 Pt 3:15.—In the three places in Rv in which σωτ. appears as part of a doxology we have a Hebraism (salvation as victory intimately associated w. God; PEllingworth, BT 34, ’83, 444f; cp. Ps 3:9 and PsSol 10:8 τοῦ κυρίου ἡ σωτηρία) 7:10; 12:10; 19:1.—LMarshall, Challenge of NT Ethics ’47, 248–66; HHaerens, Σωτήρ et σωτηρία dans la religion grecque: Studia Hellenistica 5, ’48, 57–68; FDölger, Ac 6, ’50, 257–63.—DELG s.v. σῶς. RLoewe, JTS 32, ’81, 341–68 (ins pp. 364–68). DBS XI 486–739. M-M. TW. Spicq. Sv.

ψυχή, ῆς, ἡ (Hom.+; ‘life, soul’) It is oft. impossible to draw hard and fast lines in the use of this multivalent word. Gen. it is used in ref. to dematerialized existence or being, but, apart fr. other data, the fact that ψ. is also a dog’s name suggests that the primary component is not metaphysical, s. SLonsdale, Greece and Rome 26, ’79, 146–59. Without ψ. a being, whether human or animal, consists merely of flesh and bones and without functioning capability. Speculations and views respecting the fortunes of ψ. and its relation to the body find varied expression in our lit.

① life on earth in its animating aspect making bodily function possible

ⓐ (breath of) life, life-principle, soul, of animals (Galen, Protr. 13 p. 42, 27 John; Gen 9:4) Rv 8:9. As a rule of human beings (Gen 35:18; 3 Km 17:21; ApcEsdr 5:13 λαμβάνει τὴν ψυχὴν the fetus in its sixth month) Ac 20:10. When it leaves the body death occurs Lk 12:20 (cp. Jos., C. Ap. 1, 164; on the theme cp. Pind., I. 1, 67f). The soul is delivered up to death (the pass. in ref. to divine initiative), i.e. into a condition in which it no longer makes contact with the physical structure it inhabited 1 Cl 16:13 (Is 53:12), whereupon it leaves the realm of earth and lives on in Hades (Lucian, Dial. Mort. 17, 2; Jos., Ant. 6, 332) Ac 2:27 (Ps 15:10), 31 v.l. or some other place outside the earth Rv 6:9; 20:4; ApcPt 10:25 (GrBar 10:5 τὸ πεδίον … οὗπερ ἔρχονται αἱ ψυχαὶ τῶν δικαίων; ApcEsdr 7:3 ἀπέρχεται εἰς τὸν οὐρανόν; Himerius, Or. 8 [23]: his consecrated son [παῖς ἱερός 7] Rufinus, when he dies, leaves his σῶμα to the death-daemon, while his ψυχή goes into οὐρανός, to live w. the gods 23).—B 5:13 (s. Ps 21:21).

ⓑ the condition of being alive, earthly life, life itself (Diod S 1, 25, 6 δοῦναι τὴν ψυχήν=give life back [to the dead Horus]; 3, 26, 2; 14, 65, 2; 16, 78, 5; Jos., Ant. 18, 358 σωτηρία τῆς ψυχῆς; 14, 67; s. Reader, Polemo 354 [reff.]) ζητεῖν τὴν ψυχήν τινος Mt 2:20 (cp. Ex 4:19); Ro 11:3 (3 Km 19:10, 14). δοῦναι τὴν ψυχὴν ἑαυτοῦ (cp. Eur., Phoen. 998) Mt 20:28; Mk 10:45; John says for this τιθέναι τὴν ψυχὴν J 10:11, 15, 17, (18); 13:37f; 15:13; 1J 3:16ab; παραδιδόναι Ac 15:26; Hs 9, 28, 2. παραβολεύεσθαι τῇ ψυχῇ Phil 2:30 (s. παραβολεύομαι). To love one’s own life (JosAs 13:1 ἐγὼ ἀγαπῶ αὐτὸν ὑπὲρ τὴν ψυχήν μου) Rv 12:11; cp. B 1:4; 4:6; 19:5; D 2:7. Life as prolonged by nourishment Mt 6:25ab; Lk 12:22f. Cp. 14:26; Ac 20:24; 27:10, 22; 28:19 v.l.; Ro 16:4. S. also 2e below.

ⓒ by metonymy, that which possesses life/soul (cp. 3 below) ψυχὴ ζῶσα (s. Gen 1:24) a living creature Rv 16:3 v.l. for ζωῆς. Cp. ἐγένετο Ἀδὰμ εἰς ψυχὴν ζῶσαν 1 Cor 15:45 (Gen 2:7. S. πνεῦμα 5f). ψυχὴ ζωῆς Rv 16:3.

② seat and center of the inner human life in its many and varied aspects, soul

ⓐ of the desire for luxurious living (cp. the OT expressions Ps 106:9 [=ParJer 9:20, but in sense of d below]; Pr 25:25; Is 29:8; 32:6; Bar 2:18b; PsSol 4:17. But also X., Cyr. 8, 7, 4; ins in CB I/2, 477 no. 343, 5 the soul as the seat of enjoyment of the good things in life) of the rich man ἐρῶ τῇ ψυχῇ μου• ψυχή, ἀναπαύου, φάγε, πίε, εὐφραίνου Lk 12:19 (cp. PsSol 5:12; Aelian, VH 1, 32 εὐφραίνειν τὴν ψυχήν; X., Cyr. 6, 2, 28 ἡ ψυχὴ ἀναπαύσεται.—The address to the ψυχή as PsSol 3, 1; Cyranides p. 41, 27). Cp. Rv 18:14.

ⓑ of evil desires (PsSol 4:13; Tat. 23, 2) 2 Cl 16:2; 17:7.

ⓒ of feelings and emotions (Anacr., Fgm. 4 Diehl² [15 Page]; Diod S 8, 32, 3; JosAs 6:1; SibOr 3, 558; Just., D. 2, 4; Mel., P. 18, 124 al.) περίλυπός ἐστιν ἡ ψυχή μου (cp. Ps 41:6, 12; 42:5) Mt 26:38; Mk 14:34. ἡ ψυχή μου τετάρακται J 12:27; cp. Ac 2:43 (s. 3 below).—Lk 1:46; 2:35; J 10:24; Ac 14:2, 22; 15:24; Ro 2:9; 1 Th 2:8 (τὰς ἑαυτῶν ψυχάς our hearts full of love); Hb 12:3; 2 Pt 2:8; 1 Cl 16:12 (Is 53:11); 23:3 (scriptural quot. of unknown origin); B 3:1, 5b (s. on these two passages Is 58:3, 5, 10b); 19:3; Hm 4, 2, 2; 8:10; Hs 1:8; 7:4; D 3:9ab. ἐμεγαλύνθη ἡ ψυχή μου GJs 5:2; 19:2 (s. μεγαλύνω 1). αὔξειν τὴν ψυχὴν τοῦ Παύλου AcPl Ha 6, 10. It is also said of God in the anthropomorphic manner of expr. used by the OT ὁ ἀγαπητός μου εἰς ὸ̔ν εὐδόκησεν ἡ ψυχή μου Mt 12:18 (cp. Is 42:1); cp. Hb 10:38 (Hab 2:4).—One is to love God ἐν ὅλῃ τῇ ψυχῇ Mt 22:37; Lk 10:27. Also ἐξ ὅλης τῆς ψυχῆς (Dt 6:5; 10:12; 11:13) Mk 12:30, 33 v.l. (for ἰσχύος); Lk 10:27 v.l. (Epict. 2, 23, 42; 3, 22, 18; 4, 1, 131; M. Ant. 12, 29; Sextus 379.—X., Mem. 3, 11, 10 ὅλῃ τῇ ψυχῇ). ἐκ ψυχῆς from the heart, gladly (Jos., Ant. 17, 177.—The usual form is ἐκ τῆς ψυχῆς: X., An. 7, 7, 43, Apol. 18 al.; Theocr. 8, 35) Eph 6:6; Col 3:23; ἐκ ψυχῆς σου B 3:5a (Is 58:10a); 19:6. μιᾷ ψυχῇ with one mind (Dio Chrys. 19 [36], 30) Phil 1:27; cp. Ac 4:32 (on the combination w. καρδία s. that word 1bη and EpArist 17); 2 Cl 12:3 (s. 1 Ch 12:39b; Diog. L. 5, 20 ἐρωτηθεὶς τί ἐστι φίλος, ἔφη• μία ψυχὴ δύο σώμασιν ἐνοικοῦσα).

ⓓ as the seat and center of life that transcends the earthly (Pla., Phd. 28, 80ab; Paus. 4, 32, 4 ἀθάνατός ἐστιν ἀνθρώπου ψ.; Just., A I, 44, 9 περὶ ἀθανασίας ψυχῆς; Ath. 27, 2 ἀθάνατος οὖσα. Opp. Tat. 13, 1, who argues the state of the ψ. before the final judgment and states that it is not immortal per se but experiences the fate of the body οὐκ ἔστιν ἀθάνατος). As such it can receive divine salvation σῴζου σὺ καὶ ἡ ψυχή σου be saved, you and your soul Agr 5 (Unknown Sayings 61–64). σῴζειν τὰς ψυχάς Js 1:21. ψυχὴν ἐκ θανάτου 5:20; cp. B 19:10; Hs 6, 1, 1 (on death of the ψ. s. Achilles Tat. 7, 5, 3 τέθνηκας θάνατον διπλοῦν, ψυχῆς κ. σώματος). σωτηρία ψυχῶν 1 Pt 1:9. περιποίησις ψυχῆς Hb 10:39. It can also be lost 2 Cl 15:1; B 20:1; Hs 9, 26, 3. Humans cannot injure it, but God can hand it over to destruction Mt 10:28ab; AcPl Ha 1, 4. ζημιωθῆναι τὴν ψυχήν (ζημιόω 1) Mt 16:26a; Mk 8:36 (FGrant, Introd. to NT Thought, ’50, 162); 2 Cl 6:2. There is nothing more precious than ψυχή in this sense Mt 16:26b; Mk 8:37. It stands in contrast to σῶμα, in so far as that is σάρξ (cp. Ar. 15, 7 οὐ κατὰ σάρκα … ἀλλὰ κατὰ ψυχήν; Tat. 15, 1 οὔτε … χωρὶς σώματος; Ath. 1, 4 τὰ σώματα καὶ τὰς ψυχάς; SIG 383, 42 [I B.C.]) Dg 6:1–9. The believer’s soul knows God 2 Cl 17:1. One Christian expresses the hope that all is well w. another’s soul 3J 2 (s. εὐοδόω). For the soul of the Christian is subject to temptations 1 Pt 2:11 and 2 Pt 2:14; longs for rest Mt 11:29 (ParJer 5:32 ὁ θεὸς … ἡ ἀνάπαυσις τῶν ψυχῶν); and must be purified 1 Pt 1:22 (cp. Jer 6:16). The soul must be entrusted to God 1 Pt 4:19; cp. 1 Cl 27:1. Christ is its ποιμὴν καὶ ἐπίσκοπος (s. ἐπίσκοπος 1) 1 Pt 2:25; its ἀρχιερεὺς καὶ προστάτης 1 Cl 61:3; its σωτήρ MPol 19:2. Apostles and congregational leaders are concerned about the souls of the believers 2 Cor 12:15; Hb 13:17. The Christian hope is called the anchor of the soul 6:19. Paul calls God as a witness against his soul; if he is lying, he will forfeit his salvation 2 Cor 1:23.—Also life of this same eternal kind κτήσεσθε τὰς ψυχὰς ὑμῶν you will gain (real) life for yourselves Lk 21:19.

ⓔ Since the soul is the center of both the earthly (1a) and the transcendent (2d) life, pers. can find themselves facing the question concerning the wish to ensure it for themselves: ὸ̔ς ἐὰν θέλῃ τὴν ψυχὴν αὐτοῦ σῶσαι, ἀπολέσει αὐτὴν• ὸ̔ς δʼ ἂν ἀπολέσει τὴν ψυχὴν αὐτοῦ ἕνεκεν ἐμοῦ, σώσει αὐτήν Mk 8:35. Cp. Mt 10:39; 16:25; Lk 9:24; 17:33; J 12:25. The contrast betw. τὴν ψυχὴν εὑρεῖν and ἀπολέσαι is found in Mt 10:39ab (s. HGrimme, BZ 23, ’35, 263f); 16:25b; σῶσαι and ἀπολέσαι vs. 25a; Mk 8:35ab; Lk 9:24ab; περιποιήσασθαι, ζῳογονῆσαι and ἀπολέσαι 17:33; φιλεῖν and ἀπολλύναι J 12:25a; μισεῖν and φυλάσσειν vs. 25b.

ⓕ On the combination of ψυχή and πνεῦμα in 1 Th 5:23; Hb 4:12 (Just., D. 6, 2; Tat. 15, 1 χρὴ … ζευγνύναι … τὴν ψυχὴν τῷ πνεύματι τῷ ἁγίῳ) s. πνεῦμα 3a, end.—A-JFestugière, L’idéal religieux des Grecs et l’Évangile ’32, 212–17.—A unique combination is … σωμάτων, καὶ ψυχὰς ἀνθρώπων, slaves and human lives Rv 18:13 (cp. Ezk 27:13; on the syntax s. Mussies 98).

ⓖ In var. Semitic languages the reflexive relationship is paraphrased with נֶפֶשׁ (Gr.-Rom. parallels in W-S. §22, 18b note 33); the corresp. use of ψυχή may be detected in certain passages in our lit., esp. in quots. fr. the OT and in places where OT modes of expr. have had considerable influence (B-D-F §283, 4; W-S. §22, 18b; Mlt. 87; 105 n. 2; Rob. 689; KHuber, Untersuchungen über d. Sprachcharakter des griech. Lev., diss. Zürich 1916, 67), e.g. Mt 11:29; 26:38; Mk 10:45; 14:34; Lk 12:19; 14:26; J 10:24; 12:27; 2 Cor 1:23; 3J 2; Rv 18:14; 1 Cl 16:11 (Is 53:10); B 3:1, 3 (Is 58:3, 5); 4:2; 17:1. Cp. also 2 Cor 12:15; Hb 13:17; GJs 2:2; 13:2; 15:3 (on these last s. ταπεινόω 2b).

③ an entity w. personhood, person ext. of 2 by metonymy (cp. 1c): πᾶσα ψυχή everyone (Epict. 1, 28, 4; Lev 7:27; 23:29 al.) Ac 2:43; 3:23 (Lev 23:29); Ro 2:9; 13:1; Jd 15; 1 Cl 64; Hs 9, 18, 5.—Pl. persons, cp. our expression ‘number of souls’ (Pla. et al.; PTebt 56, 11 [II B.C.] σῶσαι ψυχὰς πολλάς; LXX) ψυχαὶ ὡσεὶ τρισχίλιαι Ac 2:41; cp. 7:14 (Ex 1:5); 27:37; 1 Pt 3:20.—This may also be the place for ἔξεστιν ψυχὴν σῶσαι ἢ ἀποκτεῖναι; is it permissible to rescue a person ( a human life is also poss.) or must we let the person die? Mk 3:4; Lk 6:9. Cp. 9:55 [56] v.l.—EHatch, Essays in Bibl. Gk. 1889, 112–24; ERohde, Psyche^9–10 1925; JBöhme, D. Seele u. das Ich im homer. Epos 1929; EBurton, Spirit, Soul and Flesh 1918; FRüsche, Blut, Leben u. Seele 1930; MLichtenstein, D. Wort nefeš in d. Bibel 1920; WStaples, The ‘Soul’ in the OT: JSL 44, 1928, 145–76; FBarth, La notion Paulinienne de ψυχή: RTP 44, 1911, 316–36; ChGuignebert, RHPR 9, 1929, 428–50; NSnaith, Life after Death: Int 1, ’47, 309–25; essays by OCullmann, HWolfson, WJaeger, HCadbury in Immortality and Resurrection, ed. KStendahl, ’65, 9–53; GDautzenberg, Sein Leben Bewahren ’66 (gospels); R Jewett, Paul’s Anthropological Terms, ’71, 334–57; also lit. cited GMachemer, HSCP 95, ’93, 121, 13.—TJahn, Zum Wortfeld ‘Seele-Geist’ in der Sprache Homers (Zetemata 83) ’81.—B. 1087. New Docs 4, 38f (trichotomy). DELG. M-M. EDNT. TW. Sv.

σωτήρ, ῆρος, ὁ (σῴζω) one who rescues, savior, deliverer, preserver, as a title of divinities Pind., Aeschyl.+; ins, pap; TestSol 17:4. This was the epithet esp. of Asclepius, the god of healing (Ael. Aristid. 42, 4 K. ς. τῶν ὅλων; OGI 332, 9 [138–133 B.C.], s. note 8; SIG 1112, 2; 1148); Celsus compares the cult of Ascl. w. the Christian worship of the Savior (Origen, C. Cels. 3, 3). Likew. divinities in the mystery religions, like Sarapis and Isis (Σαράπιδι Ἴσιδι Σωτῆρσι: OGI 87; Sb 597 [both III B.C.]; Sb 169 [Ptolemaic times]; 596; CIG 4930b [I B.C.]), as well as Heracles (τῆς γῆς κ. τῶν ἀνθρώπων ς.: Dio Chrys. 1, 84) or Zeus (Ael. Aristid. 52 p. 608 D.: Ζεὺς ὁ ς.).—GAnrich, Das antike Mysterienwesen 1894, 47ff; GWobbermin, Religionsgesch. Studien 1896, 105ff.—In gnostic speculation: ὁ ς. = ὁ παράκλητος Iren. 1, 4, 5 (Harv. I, 38, 9). The LXX has σωτήρ as a term for God; so also ApcSed 13:6 p. 135, 29 Ja.; and so do Philo (s. MDibelius, Hdb., exc. on 2 Ti 1:10) and SibOr 1, 73; 3, 35; but ς. is not so found in EpArist, Test12Patr, or Josephus (s. ASchlatter, Wie sprach Jos. von Gott? 1910, 66).—At an early date σωτήρ was used as a title of honor for deserving pers. (s. X., Hell. 4, 4, 6, Ages. 11, 13; Plut., Arat. 53, 4; Herodian 3, 12, 2.—Ps.-Lucian, Ocyp. 78 in an address to a physician [s. θεός 4a]; JosAs 25:6 [of Joseph]; the same phrase IXanthos p. 45 no. 23, 3f, of Marcus Agrippa [I B.C.]; Jos., Vi. 244; 259 Josephus as εὐεργέτης καὶ σωτήρ of Galilee), and in ins and pap we find it predicated of high-ranking officials and of persons in private life. This is never done in our lit. But outside our lit. it is applied to personalities who are active in the world’s affairs, in order to remove them fr. the ranks of ordinary humankind and place them in a significantly higher position. For example, Epicurus is called σωτήρ by his followers (Philod.: pap, Herc. 346, 4, 19 ὑμνεῖν τὸν σωτῆρα τὸν ἡμέτερον.—ARW 18, 1930, 392–95; CJensen, Ein neuer Brief Epikurs: GGAbh. III/5, ’33, 80f). Of much greater import is the designation of the (deified) ruler as ς. (Ptolemy I Soter [323–285 B.C.] Πτολεμαῖος καὶ Βερενίκη θεοὶ Σωτῆρες: APF 5, 1913, 156, 1; see Sb 306 and oft. in later times, of Roman emperors as well [Philo, In Flacc. 74; 126, Leg. ad Gai. 22; cp. Jos., Bell. 3, 459]).—PWendland, Σωτήρ: ZNW 5, 1904, 335ff; Magie 67f; HLietzmann, Der Weltheiland 1909; WOtto, Augustus Soter: Her 45, 1910, 448–60; FDölger, Ichthys 1910, 406–22; Dssm., LO 311f (LAE 368f); ELohmeyer, Christuskult u. Kaiserkult 1919; Bousset, Kyrios Christos² 1921, 241ff; EMeyer III 392ff; E-BAllo, Les dieux sauveurs du paganisme gréco-romain: RSPT 15, 1926, 5–34; KBornhausen, Der Erlöser 1927; HLinssen, Θεος Σωτηρ, diss. Bonn 1929=Jahrb. f. Liturgiewiss. 8, 1928, 1–75; AOxé, Σωτήρ b. den Römern: WienerStud 48, 1930, 38–61; WStaerk, Soter, I ’33; II ’38. S. also GHerzog-Hauser, Soter … im altgriech. Epos ’31; ANock, s.v. εὐεργέτης.—CColpe, Die Religionsgeschichtliche Schule ’61 (critique of some of the lit. cited above); FDanker, Benefactor ’82.

ⓐ of God ὁ θεὸς ὁ σωτήρ μου (Ps 24:5; 26:9; Mi 7:7 al.) Lk 1:47. θεὸς ς. ἡμῶν 1 Ti 1:1; Jd 25. ὁ ς. ἡμῶν θεός 1 Ti 2:3; Tit 1:3; 2:10; 3:4. ς. πάντων ἀνθρώπων μάλιστα πιστῶν 1 Ti 4:10 (cp. PPetr III, 20 I, 15 [246 B.C.] πάντων σωτῆρα and s. above Heracles as τῶν ἀνθρώπων ς. and in b below Sarapis). ὁ τῶν ἀπηλπισμένων σωτήρ the Savior of those in despair 1 Cl 59:3.

ⓑ of Christ (Just., A I, 33, 7 τὸ … Ἰησοῦς … σωτὴρ τῇ Ἑλληνίδι διαλέκτῳ δηλοῖ) Lk 2:11; Ac 13:23; Phil 3:20; Dg 9:6; Ox 840, 12; 21 (restored); 30; GMary 463, lines 4, 8, 18, 22, 31; Ox 1081, 27 (SJCh 90, 4); Qua. W. ἀρχηγός Ac 5:31; 2 Cl 20:5 (ἀρχηγὸς τῆς ἀφθαρσίας). σωτὴρ τοῦ σώματος Savior of the body (i.e. of his body, the Christian community) Eph 5:23. ὁ σωτὴρ τοῦ κόσμου (ins; cp. WWeber, Untersuchungen zur Gesch. des Kaisers Hadrianus 1907, 225f; 222) J 4:42; 1J 4:14. ς. τῶν ἀνθρώπων (Ael. Aristid. 45, 20 K.=8 p. 90 D. calls Sarapis κηδεμόνα καὶ σωτῆρα πάντων ἀνθρώπων αὐτάρκη θεόν) GPt 4:13. ὁ ς. ἡμῶν Χρ. Ἰ. 2 Ti 1:10; ISm 7:1; w. Χρ. Ἰ. or Ἰ. Χρ. preceding Tit 1:4; 3:6; IEph 1:1; IMg ins; Pol ins. ὁ μέγας θεὸς καὶ ς. ἡμῶν Χρ. Ἱ. our great God and Savior Christ Jesus Tit 2:13 (cp. PLond III, 604b, 118 p. 80 [47 A.D.] τῷ μεγάλῳ θεῷ σωτῆρι; but the presence of καί Tit 2:13 suggests a difft. semantic aspect and may justify the rendering in NRSV mg). S. MDibelius, exc. after Tit 2:14; HWindisch, Z. Christologie der Past.: ZNW 34, ’35, 213–38.—ὁ σωτὴρ κύριος ἡμῶν Ἰ. Χρ. IPhld 9:2. ὁ ς. τῶν ψυχῶν MPol 19:2. ὁ θεὸς ἡμῶν καὶ ς. Ἰ. Χρ. 2 Pt 1:1. ὁ κύριος (ἡμῶν) καὶ ς. Ἰ. Χρ. vs. 11; 2:20; 3:18; without any name (so ὁ σωτήρ [meaning Asclep.] Ael. Aristid. 47, 1 K.=23 p. 445 D.; 66 K.=p. 462 D.; 48, 7 K.=24 p. 466 D.—Orig., C. Cels. 6, 64, 16; Hippol., Ref. 5, 8, 27) 2 Pt 3:2; AcPl Ha 8, 29 (restored: καὶ σωτῆρα). S. Loewe s.v. σωτηρία end.—Pauly-W. 2, VI 1211–21; Kl. Pauly V 289; RAC VI 54–219; DLNT 1082–84; BHHW I 430–32.—M-M. EDNT. TW. Spicq. Sv.

κρίνω (s. κρίμα; Hom.+) fut. κρινῶ; 1 aor. ἔκρινα; pf. κέκρικα; plpf. 3 sg. κεκρίκει (on the lack of augment s. B-D-F §66, 1; W-S. §12, 4; Mlt-H. 190; ἐκεκρίκει Just., D. 102, 2). Pass.: impf. ἐκρινόμην; 1 fut. κριθήσομαι; 1 aor. ἐκρίθην; pf. κέκριμαι. Primary mng.: ‘to set apart so as to distinguish, separate’, then by transference

① to make a selection, select, prefer (Aeschyl., Suppl. 39 τὶ; Pla., Rep. 3, 399e κρίνειν τινὰ πρό τινος ‘prefer someone to someone’, cp. Phlb. 57e; Himerius, Or. 40 [=Or. 6], 3 κ. τί τινι=select someth. because of someth. [a place because of its size]; κ. τὸ πρακτέον καὶ μὴ πρακτέον Did., Gen. 27, 3) ὸ̔ς μὲν γὰρ κρίνει ἡμέραν παρʼ ἡμέραν the one prefers one day to another Ro 14:5a. In the other half of the sentence ὸ̔ς δὲ κρίνει πᾶσαν ἡμέραν, κ. prob. has the sense recognize, approve (X., Hell. 1, 7, 34 ἔκριναν τὴν τῆς βουλῆς γνώμην) the other holds every day in esteem vs. 5b. Closely associated is mng.

② to pass judgment upon (and thereby seek to influence) the lives and actions of other people

ⓐ judge, pass judgment upon, express an opinion about Mt 7:1a, 2a; Lk 6:37a; 1 Cl 13:2; Pol 2:3 (Sextus 183 ὁ κρίνων ἄνθρωπον κρίνεται ὑπὸ τ. θεοῦ). κ. δικαίως D 4:3; B 19:11. κ. κατʼ ὄψιν by the outward appearance J 7:24a. κατὰ τὴν σάρκα 8:15. τὴν δικαίαν κρίσιν κ. pass a right judgment 7:24b (on the expr. cp. Dt 16:18). This is perh. the place for 1 Pt 4:6 ἵνα κριθῶσιν κατὰ ἀνθρ. (s. ESelwyn, comm. ad loc. ref. to Lghtf.; cp. Wsd 3:4).

ⓑ esp. pass an unfavorable judgment upon, criticize, find fault with, condemn (Epict. 2, 21, 11) Ro 2:1abc, 3; 14:3f, 10, 13a (a play on words, w. κρίνειν used in two different mngs. in the same vs.; s. 4 below on vs. 13b); Col 2:16; Js 4:11, 12; D 11:12. μή τι κρίνετε do not pronounce judgment on anything 1 Cor 4:5. ἱνατί γὰρ ἡ ἐλευθερία μου κρίνεται ὑπὸ ἄλλης συνειδήσεως; why is my freedom (of action) to be unfavorably judged by another person’s scruples? 1 Cor 10:29. μακάριος ὁ μὴ κρίνων ἑαυτόν happy is the one who finds no fault w. himself Ro 14:22.—Also of a human judgment directed against God ὅπως ἂν νικήσεις ἐν τῷ κρίνεσθαί σε that you may win when you are judged Ro 3:4 (OMichel in KEK prefers active sense); 1 Cl 18:4 (both Ps 50:6).

③ to make a judgment based on taking various factors into account, judge, think, consider, look upon w. double acc. of the obj. and the predicate (Soph., Oed. R. 34; Pla., Rep. 9, 578b and s. Cebes 39, 4; 3 Macc 2:33; Just., D. 112, 1) οὐκ ἀξίους κρίνετε ἑαυτούς you do not consider yourselves worthy Ac 13:46 (Jos., Ant. 6, 159 ὸ̔ν αὐτὸς τ. βασιλείας ἄξιον ἔκρινεν; EpArist 98); cp. PtK 3 p. 15, 17. τὰ ὑστερήματα αὐτῶν ἴδια ἐκρίνετε you considered their shortcomings as your own 1 Cl 2:6. Pass. (Thu. 2, 40, 3; Jos., Ant. 4, 193) τί ἄπιστον κρίνεται παρʼ ὑμῖν; why do you think it is incredible? Ac 26:8 (Jos., Ant. 18, 76 ἄπιστα αὐτὰ κρίνειν).—Foll. by acc. w. inf. (Pla., Gorg., 452c, Rep. 9, 578b; X., An. 1, 9, 5; 28) κεκρίκατέ με πιστὴν … εἶναι Ac 16:15.—W. inf. foll. κρίνω μὴ παρενοχλεῖν τοῖς κτλ. 15:19.—Foll. by τοῦτο ὅτι 2 Cor 5:14.—W. direct quest. foll. ἐν ὑμῖν αὐτοῖς κρίνατε judge, decide for yourselves 1 Cor 11:13.—W. indirect quest. foll. (Thu. 4, 130, 7 κρίναντες ἐν σφίσιν αὐτοῖς, εἰ … ; X., Cyr. 4, 1, 5) εἰ δίκαιόν ἐστιν, ὑμῶν ἀκούειν μᾶλλον ἢ τοῦ θεοῦ, κρίνατε decide whether it is right to obey you rather than God Ac 4:19.—κρίνατε ὑμεῖς ὅ φημι pass your own judgment on what I say 1 Cor 10:15.—ὀρθῶς ἔκρινας you have judged rightly Lk 7:43.

④ to come to a conclusion after a cognitive process, reach a decision, decide, propose, intend (Isocr. 4, 46; Polyb. 3, 6, 7; 5, 52, 6; 9, 13, 7; Epict. 2, 15, 7; Appian, Bell. Civ. 14, 118 §497 ὅταν οἱ θεοὶ κρίνωσιν; LXX) τί οὖν θέλετε, κρίνατε (restored) so decide now what you wish (to be done); w. inf. (Diod S 4, 33, 10; 17, 95, 1; UPZ 42, 37 [162 B.C.]; PTebt 55, 4 [II B.C.] ἔκρινα γράψαι; PLond III, 897, 11 p. 207 [84 A.D.]; 1 Macc 11:33; 3 Macc 1:6; Jdth 11:13; Wsd 8:9; Jos., Ant.7, 33; 12, 403; 13, 188; Did., Gen. 179, 7) Ac 3:13; 20:16; 25:25; 1 Cor 2:2; 5:3; Tit 3:12. W. τοῦ and inf. (B-D-F §397, 2) ἐκρίθη τοῦ ἀποπλεῖν ἡμᾶς Ac 27:1. ἐπεὶ ἤδη σεαυτῷ κέκρικας τοῦ μὴ δύνασθαι τὰς ἐντολὰς ταύτας ὑπὸ ἀνθρώπου φυλαχθῆναι since you have already decided in your own mind that these commandments cannot be kept by anyone Hm 12, 3, 6.—W. acc. and inf. (2 Macc 11:25, 36; 3 Macc 6:30; TestSol 10:8; SibOr 3, 127; Just., D. 102, 2) Ac 21:25 (even in the substantially different rdgs.). τοῦτο κέκρικεν …, τηρεῖν τὴν ἑαυτοῦ παρθένον he has determined this, namely to keep his fiancée (pure and undefiled) 1 Cor 7:37 (s. s.v. γαμίζω 2; Diod S 4, 73, 2 of a father: κρίναι ταύτην [i.e. his daughter] παρθένον διαφυλάττειν). τοῦτο κρίνατε μᾶλλον, τὸ μὴ τιθέναι πρόσκομμα but rather decide this, (namely) to give no offense Ro 14:13b. ἔκρινα ἐμαυτῷ τοῦτο, τὸ … ἐλθεῖν 2 Cor 2:1. τὰ δόγματα τὰ κεκριμένα ὑπὸ τ. ἀποστόλων Ac 16:4 (cp. Polyb. 5, 52, 6 πράξας τὸ κριθέν; Epict. 2, 15, 7 τοῖς κριθεῖσιν ἐμμένειν δεῖ).

⑤ to engage in a judicial process, judge, decide, hale before a court, condemn, also hand over for judicial punishment, freq. as a legal t.t. (in a forensic sense Hom. et al.; ins, pap, LXX).

ⓐ of a human court

α. act. and pass. abs. Ac 13:27. W. adv. GPt 3:7. κ. τινά: κατὰ τὸν νόμον J 18:31; Ac 23:3; 24:6 v.l. οὐδὲ ἐγὼ κρίνω ὑμᾶς GJs 16:3. Of the right of the apostle and the church to judge believers 1 Cor 5:12ab. μὴ ὁ νόμος ἡμῶν κρίνει τὸν ἄνθρωπον; does our law (personified) judge a person? J 7:51 (Appian, Bell. Civ. 3, 50 §205 certain senators desire that before Mark Antony is declared a public enemy he should be brought to trial, ὡς οὐ πάτριον σφίσιν ἀκρίτου καταδικάζειν ‘on the ground that it was not their ancestral custom to condemn someone without a hearing’). ἐκ τ. στόματός σου κρινῶ σε I will punish you on the basis of your own statement Lk 19:22. Pass. Ac 25:10. κρίνεσθαι ἐπί τινι be on trial because of a thing 26:6 (Appian, Basil. 12 κρινόμενος ἐπὶ τῷδε=be brought to trial because of this thing; likew. Iber. 55 §233; Ath. 2, 3; of God ApcrEzk Fgm. d). Also περί τινος (Diod S 12, 30, 5) 23:6; 25:20; w. addition of ἐπί w. gen. of the court of judicature before someone (schol. on Hes., Op. 9) 24:21; 25:9; D 11:11.—τί δὲ καὶ ἀφʼ ἑαυτῶν οὐ κρίνετε τὸ δίκαιον; Lk 12:57, which leads over into the sphere of jurisprudence (vs. 58), means: why cannot you yourselves decide what is right? (cp. the prayer for vengeance fr. Amorgos [BCH 25, 1901 p. 416; Dssm., LO 94=LAE 118] ἐπάκουσον, θεά, καὶ κρῖναι τὸ δίκαιον; cp. Appian, Mithrid. 89 §403 κρίνειν τὴν μάχην=decide the battle; Just., A II, 15, 5).

β. mid. and pass.: ‘dispute, quarrel, debate’, also go to law (so Thu. 4, 122, 4 δίκῃ κρίνεσθαι; Hos 2:4 al. in LXX; TestSol 4:4ff D; Mel., P. 101, 773) τινί with someone (Job 9:3; 13:19) Mt 5:40; B 6:1 (Is 50:8); μετά τινος (Vi. Aesopi W 76 κριθῆναί με μετὰ τῆς κυρίας μου ἐπὶ σοί=I am pleading my case with my mistress before you; Eccl 6:10) 1 Cor 6:6. ἐπί τινος before someone (as judge) vs. 1 (on the beginning of 1 Cor 6 cp. the decree of Alexander to the Greeks in Ps.-Callisth. 2, 21, 21: βούλομαι δὲ μὴ ἐν ἑαυτοῖς κρίνειν ὅσον τις ὑμῶν ἔχει πρὸς ἕτερον, οὐδὲ ἐφʼ οὗ βούλεσθε=it is my wish [will] that you are not to go to law among yourselves, no matter what any of you may have against another, nor before anyone you wish).

ⓑ of the divine tribunal

α. occupied by God or Christ: abs. administer justice, judge J 5:30; 8:16, 50; cp. vs. 26; Rv 6:10; B 5:7. Pass. be judged Mt 7:1b, 2b; Lk 6:37b; Rv 11:18.—W. acc. foll. (PGM 4, 1013 of Horus ὁ κρίνων τὰ πάντα) J 5:22; 8:15b. τοὺς ἔξω 1 Cor 5:13. ζῶντας καὶ νεκρούς judge the living and the dead 2 Ti 4:1; 1 Pt 4:5; B 7:2. τὰ κρυπτὰ τῶν ἀνθρώπων Ro 2:16. τὸν κόσμον B 4:12 (TestAbr A 13 p. 92, 10 [Stone p. 32]; ApcEsdr 3:3 p. 27, 8 Tdf.). τὴν οἰκουμένην Ac 17:31; AcPl Ha 9, 29. κ. κατὰ τὸ ἑκάστου ἔργον judge each one by what that person does 1 Pt 1:17; cp. Rv 20:13. ἐκρίθησαν οἱ νεκροὶ ἐκ τῶν γεγραμμένων ἐν τοῖς βιβλίοις κατὰ τὰ ἔργα αὐτῶν the dead were judged by what was written in the books (of life and of death), in accordance w. their deeds vs. 12; δικαίως κ. judge uprightly (Sotades [280 B.C.] Fgm. 11, 2 Diehl² II 6 p. 191 [in Stob. 4, 34, 8 vol. V p. 826, 5=Coll. Alex. p. 243] ὁ παντογενὴς … οὐ κρίνει δικαίως) 1 Pt 2:23; B 19:11. Also ἐν δικαιοσύνῃ Rv 19:11. διὰ νόμου κρίνεσθαι be judged on the basis of the law Js 2:12.—Oft. the emphasis is unmistakably laid upon that which follows the Divine Judge’s verdict, upon the condemnation or punishment: condemn, punish (opp. σῴζειν as TestJud 24:6; Mel., P. 104, 810; cp. ApcEsdr 1, 11 p. 25, 3 Tdf. ἐμὲ κρῖνον ὑπὲρ τῶν ψυχῶν τῶν ἁμαρτωλῶν) J 3:17; cp. 18ab; 12:47ab, 48a; cp. 48b; Ac 7:7 (Gen 15:14); Dg 7:5f (opp. ἀγαπᾶν). διὰ νόμου κ. punish on the basis of the law Ro 2:12.—3:6f; 1 Cor 11:31f (here of the temporal punishment which God brings upon sinners); 2 Th 2:12; Hb 10:30 (κρινεῖ κύριος τὸν λαὸν αὐτοῦ the Lord will judge = punish his people is derived fr. Dt 32:36=Ps 134:14, where the judgment of God is spoken of, resulting in the vindication of the innocent [the thought prominent in the two OT pass.] and the punishment of the guilty [the thought prominent in the Hb pass.]); 13:4; Js 5:9; for 1 Pt 4:6 s. 2a above; Rv 18:8; 19:2; B 15:5.—W. the punishment given κ. διὰ πυρός 1 Cl 11:1; διὰ τῶν μαστίγων 17:5. κεκριμένοι ἤδη τῷ θανάτῳ already condemned to death B 10:5. Also εἰς θάνατον condemned to death Hs 9, 18, 2. οἱ κρινόμενοι ἀσεβεῖς the godless, who are condemned 2 Cl 18:1. Of the devil ὁ ἄρχων τοῦ κόσμου τούτου κέκριται J 16:11.—ταῦτα ἔκρινας you have imposed these punishments Rv 16:5.—On κρίνειν τὸ κρίμα 18:20 s. κρίμα 4.

β. occupied by those who have been divinely commissioned to judge: the 12 apostles judge the 12 tribes Mt 19:28; Lk 22:30 (PBatiffol, RB n.s. 9, 1912, 541–43. But here κ. could have the broader sense rule; cp. 4 Km 15:5; Ps 2:10; 1 Macc 9:73; PsSol 17:29). κρινεῖ ἡ ἐκ φύσεως ἀκροβυστία … σέ the one who is physically uncircumcised will sit in judgment upon you Ro 2:27. οἱ ἅγιοι as judges of the cosmos 1 Cor 6:2ab (κρίνεσθαι ἐν: Diod S 19, 51, 4.—On the saints as co-rulers with God cp. Epict., Ench. 15; Sallust. 21 p. 36, 14) as well as of the angels vs. 3 (cp. Da 7:22).

⑥ to ensure justice for someone, see to it that justice is done (LXX) τινί to someone 1 Cl 8:4 (Is 1:17).—B. 1428. DELG. M-M. EDNT. TW.

ἕξις, εως, ἡ, ([etym.] ἔχω):

I ( ἔχω trans.) having, being in possession of, possession, ἐπιστήμης ἕ., opp. κτῆσις, Pl.Tht. 197b;

νοῦ Id.Cra. 414b

;

ἡ τῶν ὅπλων Id.Lg. 625c

, cf. R. 433e, Sph. 247a, al., Arist. Metaph. 1022b4; opp. στέρησις, ib. 1055b13, S.E.P.3.49.

2 in surgery, posture, Hp.Off.3; ἕ. ἢ θέσις ib.15.

II ( ἔχω intr.) a being in a certain state, a permanent condition as produced by practice ([etym.] πρᾶξις), diff. from σχέσις (which is alterable) (v. infr.):

1 state or habit of body, Id.Aph.2.34, cf. Pl.Tht. 153b; ἕ. ὑγιεινή (so also X.Mem.1.2.4), opp. διάθεσις ἀθλητική, Hp.Alim.34;

σχέσις καὶ ἕ. καὶ ἡλικίη Id.Mochl.41

;

ἡ φύσις καὶ ἡ ἕ. Id.Acut.43

: pl., Thphr. Sens.69: generally, condition,

ἐν ἕξει τοῦ δρᾶν D.H.Comp. 25

;

ἕ. λεπτὴ κατὰ τοῦτο τὸ μέρος Hp.Art.12

;

τῷ θερμὴν ἕ. ἔχοντι Polystr. p.26W.

; outward appearance,

ἡ ἕ. τοῦ σώματος κρείσσων LXXDa. 1.15

, cf. 1 Ki.16.7, Sm.La.4.7; habit of a vine, Thphr.CP3.14.5; of material objects,

ὑπὸ μιᾶς ἕξεως συνέχεσθαι S.E.M.7.102

, cf. Ph.2.511, Stoic.2.124,al.

b medic., the system, Ath.2.45e, Mnesith. ib. 54b, Paul.Aeg.3.59.

2 state or habit of mind,

ἕ. κακίης Democr. 184

;

τὰς φύσεις τε καὶ ἕξεις τῶν ψυχῶν Pl.Lg. 650b

, etc.; ἡ ἐν τῇ ψυχῇ ἕ., opp. ἡ τῶν σωμάτων ἕ., Id.Tht.l.c.; πονηρᾶς ψυχῆς ἕξει ib. 167b;

λαμβάνειν ἕξιν τιμιωτέραν Id.R. 591b

.

b esp. acquired habit, opp. ἐνέργεια, Arist.EN 1098b33,al.

3 trained habit, skill, Pl.Phdr. 268e, Arist.Pr. 955b1, Plb.10.47.7, D.S.2.29; τέχνη defined as

ἕ. ἢ διάθεσις ἀπὸ παρατηρήσεως Phld.Rh.1.69S.

;

ἄκρα ἕ. D.H.Comp.11

: c. gen., τὴν τῶν Ἰουδαϊκῶν γραμμάτων ἕξιν Aristeas 121;

ἕ. πολιτικῶν λόγων Phld.Rh.2.35

S. (Almost confined to Prose, but cf. Orph.A. 391.)

κρίσις, εως, ἡ (s. κρίνω; Aeschyl., Hdt.+).

① legal process of judgment, judging, judgment

ⓐ of the activity of God or the Messiah as judge, esp. on the Last Day (Bacchylides 3, 26 of judgment by Zeus).

α. ἡ δικαία κ. τοῦ θεοῦ God’s righteous judgment 2 Th 1:5. ἡ κρίσις ἡ ἐμὴ δικαία ἐστίν J 5:30 (cp. δικαία περὶ πάντων κ. Orig., C. Cels. 4, 9, 10). θεία κ. 2 Cl 20:4. κρίσιν ποιεῖν execute judgment, act as judge (Aristoph., Ran. 778; 785; X., Hell. 4, 2, 6; 8; Dt 10:18.—Likew. κ. ποιεῖσθαι: 1 Macc 6:22; Jos., Ant. 6, 34; Just., A I, 2, 3; D. 124, 1; Iren. 1, 10, 1 [Harv. I 91, 10]) J 5:27. τ. κρίσιν διδόναι τινί commit judgment or judging to someone vs. 22 (TestAbr A 13 p. 92, 10 [Stone p. 32]). ἡ ἡμέρα (τῆς) κρίσεως the Day of Judgment (Jdth 16:17; Is 34:8; Pr 6:34; PsSol 15:12; GrBar 1:7; ApcEsdr 2:27 p. 26, 21 Tdf. al.; ApcMos 12:26; Just.) Mt 10:15; 11:22, 24; 12:36; Mk 6:11 v.l.; 2 Pt 2:9; 3:7; 1J 4:17; 2 Cl 16:3; 17:6; B 19:10; 21:6.—ἡ κ. ἡ μέλλουσα the judgment to come 2 Cl 18:2; MPol 11:2. ἡ κ. ἡ ἐπερχομένη the approaching judgment Hv 3, 9, 5 (περὶ τῆς ἐσομένης κ. Orig., C. Cels. 1, 56, 7; cp. μετὰ τὴν ἀνάστασιν καὶ κ. Theoph. Ant. 2, 26 [p. 164, 1]). Denial of the Last Judgment Pol 7:1. κ. μεγάλης ἡμέρας the judgment of the Great Day Jd 6. ἡ ὥρα τῆς κ. αὐτοῦ the hour when (God) is to judge Rv 14:7. οὐκ ἀναστήσονται οἱ ἀσεβεῖς ἐν κ. the wicked will not rise in the judgment (or on the J. Day) B 11:7 (Ps 1:5); cp. Mt 12:41f; Lk 10:14; 11:31f. δικαιοσύνη κρίσεως ἀρχὴ καὶ τέλος righteousness (on the part of the judge) is the beginning and end of judging B 1:6. Divine judgment (cp. Iambl., Vi. Pyth. 8, 40 τῶν ἀθανάτων κ.; Hierocles 11, 441 and 442 al. θεία κρίσις) is also mentioned 1 Ti 5:24; Hb 9:27 (cp. Diog. L. 3, 79 after Plato: one must fulfill the δικαιοσύνη θεοῦ, ἵνα μὴ καὶ μετὰ τὸν θάνατον δίκας ὑπόσχοιεν οἱ κακοῦργοι=so that after death they might not as evil-doers be subject to penalties); 2 Pt 2:4, 9; 2 Cl 20:4; D 11:11.

β. The word oft. means judgment that goes against a person, condemnation, and the sentence that follows (TestAbr A 14 p. 93, 24 [Stone p. 34]; ApcEsdr 1:24 p. 25, 19 Tdf.; SibOr 3, 670; Just., D. 56, 1; 60, 2 κ. τῶν Σοδόμων) GPt 7:25. δισσὴν ἕξουσιν τὴν κ. they will receive double punishment 2 Cl 10:5. ἡ κ. σου your judgment Rv 18:10. κἀκείνοις κ. ἐστίν judgment comes upon them, too ISm 6:1. φοβερά τις ἐκδοχὴ κρίσεως a fearful prospect of judgment Hb 10:27 (Iambl., Vi. Pyth. 30, 179 a reference to the κ. τῶν ψυχῶν serves to arouse φόβος τ. ἀδικίας). ἡ κ. αὐτοῦ ἤρθη his punishment was taken away Ac 8:33; 1 Cl 16:7 (both Is 53:8). ὑπὸ κρίσιν πίπτειν come under judgment Js 5:12; cp. 2:13ab. ἡ κ. τῆς γεέννης being punished in hell Mt 23:33 (gen. as Diod S 1, 82, 3 θανάτου κ.=punishment by death; πυρὸς κ. Hippol. Ref. 10, 34, 2; cp. 9, 10, 7). ἔνοχός ἐστιν αἰωνίου κ. liable for eternal punishment Mk 3:29 v.l. κ. κατά τινος upon, against someone (Aelian, VH 2, 6) ποιῆσαι κρίσιν κατὰ πάντων execute judgment upon all Jd 15 (En 1:9).—(Opp. ζωή) ἔχει ζωὴν αἰώνιον καὶ εἰς κ. οὐκ ἔρχεται J 5:24 (cp. Philip [=Demosth. 12, 16] εἰς κ. ἐλθεῖν; ApcSed 11:16 [134, 36 Ja.] τὸ σῶμα … ἀπέρχεται εἰς κρίσιν). ἀνάστασις ζωῆς … ἀνάστασις κρίσεως vs. 29. κρίσις τοῦ κόσμου τούτου judgment of (or upon) this world 12:31; cp. 16:8, interpreted as a judgment on the prince of this world 16:11 (cp. 12:31b; 1QM 1, 5; but s. also LLutkemeyer, CBQ 8, ’46, 225f ‘good judgment’, and BNoack, Satanas u. Soteria ’48, 79; also s. δικαιοσύνη 3a end).—Some interpreters see in 3:19 a double sense for κ., containing in addition to the senses ‘judgment’ and ‘condemnation’ the clear connotation of ‘separation, division’ (Hecataeus [320 B.C.]: 264 Fgm. 6, 1 Jac. [in Diod S 40, 3, 2 Dind. w. the ms. trad.] κρίσις τῶν κακῶν=‘separation fr. the evils’. A double sense as in J is found in Artem. 5, 5 κριτής=‘judge’ and ‘divider’). The ‘judgment’, which is operative here and now, is said to consist in the fact that people divide themselves into two groups, those who accept Christ and those who reject him (Hdb.; Bultmann). But it is also prob. that κ. in this vs. simply refers to the judicial process, which includes a statement of rationale or basis for the adverse verdict, here expressed in the clause ὅτι … τὰ ἔργα.—Pl. judgments, punishments (Diod S 1, 75, 2; Appian, Bell. Civ. 1, 96 §446 κρίσεις πικραί=severe punishments) ἀληθιναὶ καὶ δίκαιαι αἱ κρίσεις σου Rv 16:7; 19:2.—Bousset, Rel.³ 257ff; LRuhl, De Mortuorum Judicio 1903; JBlank, Krisis (J), diss. Freiburg, ’64.

ⓑ of the judgment of one person upon or against another, in the nature of an evaluation

α. of one human being toward another κ. δικαία B 20:2; D 5:2. κ. ἄδικος unjust judgment Pol 6:1; ἀπότομος ἐν κ. relentless in judgment ibid. τὴν δικαίαν κρίσιν κρίνετε J 7:24 (κρίνω 2a). Cp. ἡ κ. ἡ ἐμὴ ἀληθινή ἐστιν 8:16.

β. of archangel against the devil οὐκ ἐτόλμησεν κρίσιν ἐπενεγκεῖν βλασφημίας he did not presume to pronounce a reviling judgment Jd 9. Cp. the corresp. pass. in 2 Pt 2:11 ἄγγελοι οὐ φέρουσιν κατʼ αὐτῶν παρὰ κυρίου βλάσφημον κρίσιν angels do not pronounce a reviling judgment against them from the Lord.

② a board of judges, court, specif. a local court (s. Schürer II 187f; Diod S 17, 80, 2; Aesop, Fab. 190 H.=459 P.; Theod. Prodr. 1, 402 H.) ἔνοχος ἔσται τῇ κ. he will have to answer to a (local) court Mt 5:21f.—RGuelich, ZNW 64, ’73, 44ff.

③ administration of what is right and fair, right in the sense of justice/ righteousness (Michel 542, 6 [II B.C.] πίστιν ἔχοντα καὶ κρίσιν ὑγιῆ; OGI 383, 207 [I B.C.]; LXX; cp. מִשְׁפָּט) ἀφήκατε τὴν κρίσιν καὶ τὸ ἔλεος καὶ τὴν πίστιν Mt 23:23; cp. Lk 11:42. ἐκζητεῖν κ. seek out justice 1 Cl 8:4 (Is 1:17). κρίσιν τ. ἔθνεσιν ἀπαγγελεῖ he will proclaim justice for the gentiles Mt 12:18 (Is 42:1). ἕως ἃν ἐκβάλῃ εἰς νῖκος τ. κρίσιν until he leads justice to victory vs. 20 (cp. Is 42:3.—Other prob. renderings are legal action, trial, case [X., An. 1, 6, 5; Diod S 2, 42, 4 αἱ κρίσεις=legal suits, transactions; En 9:3 εἰσαγάγετε τὴν κρίσιν ἡμῶν πρὸς τὸν ὕψιστον], and, influenced by νῖκος, a [military] decision [Dionys. Hal. 9, 35; 2 Macc 14:18]). The rendering right, justice may also be valid for such passages as J 7:24; 12:31; 16:8, 11; Ac 8:33 [so NRSV] and perh. others.—GWetter, s.v. κρίμα 4b near end; HBraun, Gerichtsgedanke u. Rechtfertigungslehre b. Pls 1930; FFilson, St. Paul’s Conception of Recompense ’31.—For add. reff. to the theme of justice in antiquity s. PvanderHorst, The Sentences of Pseudo-Phocylides 78, 117–28.—DELG s.v. κρίνω. M-M. TW.

λῆξις (A), εως, ἡ, [dialect] Ion. [full] λάξις (q.v.), ([etym.] λαγχάνω)

A determination or appointment by lot,

ἀρχῆς Pl.Lg. 765d

.

2 portion assigned by lot, allotment, ib. 740a, 747e, Criti. 109c, 113b; cf. λάξις.

b section of a body, determined by lot, Arist.Ath.30.3, 31.3.

c pl., fortunes,

αἱ διάφοροι τῆς ἀνθρωπείας ψυχῆς λήξεις Simp.

in de An.4.6.

3 without the notion of lot or chance, assigned sphere,

θεῶν καὶ τῶν εἰς θείαν λῆξιν πορευθέντων Jul.Or.6.187c

; ἡ ἑτέρα λ. the other world, Hld.2.24; ἡ ἑῴα λ. the eastern part of the empire, Procop. Gaz.Pan.497.3; ἡ τῆς Ἀθηνᾶς λ. the sphere of Athena, Lib.Or.12.36, Decl.1.175, Ep.1065.3; province, τὰς λ. [τῶν θεῶν] Herm. in Phdr. p.74A.; dwelling-place, εἰ.. αἱ λ. τῶν ψυχῶν.. ὑποσέληνοί εἰσιν ib. p.104A.

II as law-term, λ. δίκης or λ. alone, written complaint lodged with the Archon, as the first step in private actions, nearly, = ἔγκλημα, Pl.R. 425d, Is.11.10, Aeschin.1.63, cf.

λαγχάνω 1.3

; very rarely of public actions, as in D.39.17.

2 λ. τοῦ κλήρου, an application to the Archon (required of all except direct descendants) to be put in legal possession of an inheritance,

τοῦ κλήρου λαχεῖν τὴν λ. ἠξίωσεν Is.3.2

, cf. Arist.Ath.43.4.

------------------------------------

λῆξις (B), εως, ἡ, ([etym.] λήγω)

A cessation, μόχθων, ἀνέμων, A.Eu. 505 (lyr.), A.R.1.1086; of the flow of a river, Ph.1.175;

τῆς ἐνεργείας λῆξιν λαμβανούσης Gal.Phil.Hist.17

, cf. M.Ant.9.21.

2 death, decase, PMasp.19.6 (vi A.D.), etc.

II Gramm., termination, A.D. Synt.104.28;

λ. ἡ εἰς ς ¯ Id.Adv.195.27

.

III end, extremity,

τοῦ κόλου Sor.1.7

.

οὐδείς, οὐδεμία, οὐδέν (Hom.+.—The forms οὐθείς [Hs 9, 5, 6], οὐθέν [Lk 23:14; Ac 15:9; 19:27; 26:26; 1 Cor 13:2; Hm 4, 2, 1], οὐθενός [Lk 22:35; Ac 20:33 v.l.; 2 Cor 11:9] for which οὐδ-is freq. read as v.l. in mss. and edd., appear in the lit. since Aristotle [Jos., Ant. 5, 250; 6, 47 al.], in ins [Meisterhans³-Schw. 258f], and in pap [Mayser 181f], PStras II, 125, 4 [5/4 B.C.]; on the forms s. B-D-F §33; W-S. §5, 27f and note 62; Mlt-H. 111f; JWackernagel, Hellenistica 1907, 23; New Docs 2, 83; 4, 164f.—The LXX usage in Thackeray p. 58–62).

① as an adj. no οὐδεὶς προφήτης Lk 4:24. Cp. 16:13. παροιμία οὐδεμία J 16:29. Cp. 18:38; Ac 25:18; 27:22. οὐδὲν εἴδωλον 1 Cor 8:4a. οὐδὲν χρείαν ἔχω Rv 3:17. Cp. J 10:41. οὐδεὶς ἄλλος (UPZ 71, 15 [152 B.C.]) 15:24.—οὐδεμία ἐκκλησία … εἰ μὴ ὑμεῖς Phil 4:15.—W. other negatives: οὐ … οὐδεμίαν δύναμιν Mk 6:5.

② as a subst.

ⓐ οὐδείς no one, nobody Mt 6:24; 8:10; 9:16; Mk 2:21f; 5:4; 7:24; Lk 5:36f, 39; J 1:18 (οὐδεὶς πώποτε as PGM 5, 102 Osiris, ὸ̔ν οὐδεὶς εἶδε πώποτε; Jos., C. Ap. 2, 124); Ro 14:7b; 1 Cor 2:11; 3:11 and oft.—W. partitive gen. (Epict. 4, 1, 3 οὐδεὶς τ. φαύλων; Jos., Ant. 3, 321 οὐδεὶς τ. ἱερέων; Just., D. 16, 3 οὐδεὶς γὰρ ὑμῶν; Tat. 6:1 οὐδεμία τῶν ψυχῶν) οὐδεὶς ἀνθρώπων no one at all Mk 11:2. Cp. Lk 14:24. οὐδεὶς τ. ἀνακειμένων J 13:28. τῶν λοιπῶν οὐδείς none of the others Ac 5:13. οὐδ. ὑμῶν 27:34 (Diod S 14, 65, 2 οὐδεὶς ἡμῶν). Cp. Ro. 14:7a. Instead of the part. gen. we may have ἐκ (Jos., Bell. 7, 398) Lk 1:61; J 7:19; 16:5.—οὐδεὶς … εἰ μή no one … except Mt 11:27; 17:8; Mk 10:18; Lk 10:22; 18:19; J 14:6; 1 Cor 1:14; 8:4b; Rv 2:17; 14:3; 19:12. οὐδεὶς ἐξ αὐτῶν ἀπώλετο εἰ μή J 17:12.—Also οὐδεὶς … ἐὰν μή J 3:2; 6:44, 65. Used w. other negatives (Appian, Samn. 11 §4 οὐδένα λαβεῖν οὐδέν, οὔτε … οὔτε=nobody accepted anything, neither … nor) οὐ … οὐδείς (Appian, Bell. Civ. 1. 19 §80=nobody; Diog. L. 1, 53) Mt 22:16; Mk 3:27; 5:37; 12:14; Lk 8:43; J 8:15; 18:31; Ac 4:12; 1 Cor 6:5. οὓς δέδωκάς μοι οὐκ ἀπώλεσα ἐξ αὐτῶν οὐδένα J 18:9. οὐκέτι … οὐδείς Mk 9:8. οὐδεὶς οὔπω no one yet Lk 23:53 (v.l. οὐδέπω); οὐδεὶς οὔπω ἀνθρώπων Mk 11:2. οὐδέπω οὐδείς J 19:41; Ac 8:16. οὐδεὶς οὐκέτι Mk 12:34; Rv 18:11. οὐδὲ ἁλύσει οὐκέτι οὐδείς Mk 5:3.—οὐδενὶ οὐδέν 16:8 (Appian, Liby. 128 §613 οὐδὲν οὐδείς=no one [set fire to] anything [ruling out all exceptions]; Just., D. 44, 2 οὐδεὶς γὰρ οὐδέν … οὐδαμόθεν λαβεῖν ἔχει. For lit. on the silence of women s. FNeirynck, Evangelica ’82, 247–51). Cp. Lk 9:36. οὐδὲ … οὐδείς J 5:22.

ⓑ οὐδέν nothing

α. lit. οὐδὲν ἀδυνατήσει ὑμῖν Mt 17:20. Cp. 10:26; 26:62; 27:12; Mk 7:15; J 1:3 v.l. Foll. by partitive gen. Lk 9:36b; 18:34; Ac 18:17; Rv 3:17 v.l. (Mussies 183). Foll. by εἰ μή nothing but Mt 5:13; 21:19; Mk 9:29; 11:13. οὐδὲν ἐκτὸς ὧν nothing but what Ac 26:22. οὐδὲν αὐτοῦ διεφθάρη no part of (Jonah) was damaged AcPlCor 2:30. Used w. other negatives: οὐ … οὐδέν Mk 14:60f; 15:4; Lk 4:2; J 3:27 v.l. (for οὐδὲ ἕν); 5:30; 9:33; 11:49. οὐ … οὐδενὶ τούτων 1 Cor 9:15a. οὐ … οὐδέν, ἄν (=ἐὰν) μή J 5:19. οὐκέτι … οὐδέν Mk 7:12; 15:5; Lk 20:40. οὐδὲν ὑμᾶς οὐ μὴ ἀδικήσει Lk 10:19 (s. ἀδικέω 2).

β. nonliterally worthless, meaningless, invalid (X., Cyr. 6, 2, 8; Diod S 14, 35, 5; Dio Chrys. 4, 60; 15 [32], 101 οὐδέν ἐστι=it means nothing, is unimportant; Tat. 27, 2 τῶν πολλῶν θεῶν ἡ ὁμήγυρις οὐδέν ἐστιν ‘the assembly of many gods amounts to nothing’) ὸ̔ς ἂν ὀμόσῃ ἐν τ. ναῷ, οὐδέν ἐστιν (the oath of) one who who swears by the temple is not binding Mt 23:16, 18. Cp. J 8:54; 1 Cor 7:19ab. εἰ καὶ οὐδέν εἰμι 2 Cor 12:11b. οὐθέν εἰμι 1 Cor 13:2 ([Tat. 26, 3 οὐδέν ἐστε] on the neut. referring to a masc. subj. s. B-D-F §131; Rob. 751).—Ac 21:24; 25:11.—γενέσθαι εἰς οὐδέν 5:36. εἰς οὐδὲν δὲ συνέβη τελευτῆσαι τὴν τάξιν αὐτῶν ultimately the (angels’) status was terminated Papias (4). εἰς οὐθὲν λογισθῆναι Ac 19:27. Antonym τίς 2.

γ. the acc. οὐδέν in no respect, in no way (Dio Chrys. 52 [69], 6; Just., D. 14, 1 οὐδὲν ὑμῖν χρήσιμοι; 68, 1 οὐδὲν ἂν βλαβείην.—B-D-F §154; 160; Rob. 751) οὐδὲν διαφέρει (the heir) differs in no respect Gal 4:1. οὐθὲν διέκρινεν Ac 15:9. Ἰουδαίους οὐδὲν ἠδίκηκα 25:10; cp. Gal 4:12. οὐδὲν ὑστέρησα 2 Cor 12:11a. οὐδὲν ὠφελοῦμαι 1 Cor 13:3. οὐδὲν γάρ σε ταῦτα ὠφελήσει AcPl Ha 2, 23. ἡ σὰρξ οὐκ ὠφελεῖ οὐδέν J 6:63. οὐδὲν οὐδενὸς χρῄζει εἰ μή (the Lord) requires nothing at all, except 1 Cl 52:1. οὐδὲν ἥμαρτεν Μάρκος οὕτως ἔνια γράψας ὡς ἀπεμνημόνευσεν Mark was not at fault in recording some things as he remembered them Papias (2:15). On οὐδέν μοι διαφέρει Gal 2:6 s. διαφέρω 3.—W. the same mng. ἐν οὐδενί Phil 1:20.—Somet. the later usage οὐδέν = οὐ (Aristoph., Eccl. 644; Dionys. Hal. [Rdm. 32, 5]; Epict. 4, 10, 36; POxy 1683, 13; BGU 948, 13) suggests itself, e.g. Ac 18:17; Rv 3:17.—M-M. Sv.

     εὐτροφία

     εὐ-τροφία

    ἥ

    1) хорошее питание, упитанность

    

(τῶν σωμάτων Plat., Arst.)

    2) хорошее воспитание

    

(τῶν ψυχῶν Plat.)

εὐτροφ-ία, ἡ,

A good nurture, thriving condition, τῶν σωμάτων, τῶν ψυχῶν, Pl.Prt. 351a, 351b,cf. Arist.HA 542a28, Thphr.HP5.2.2, Orph. Fr. 49 vi 89: pl., Ph.2.1, Antyll. ap. Stob.4.37.16.

κυκλοφορ-ία, ἡ,

A circular motion, opp. εὐθυφορία, Arist. Ph. 227b18; τῶν φορῶν ἡ κ. πρώτη ib. 265a13, cf. de An. 407a6, Thphr. Vert.9;

τῶν ψυχῶν Dam.Pr. 102

; τὰς ἑπτὰ καὶ τὴν ὀγδόην κ., of the heavenly spheres, Jul.Or.4.146c.

μᾰλάσσω, [dialect] Att. [suff] μᾰλάκ-ττω, [tense] fut. -ξω E.Or. 1201: ([etym.] μαλακός):—

A make soft,

I of dressing leather, make it supple, Luc.Anach.24;

μ. δέρμα Hp.Aph. 5.22

, of the human skin:—hence, with reference to Cleon's trade of tanner, μ. τινά give one a hiding, Ar.Eq. 388: metaph., ἐν παγκρατίου στόλῳ μαλαχθείς worsted in it, Pi.N.3.16; χηλῇ μαλαχθείς crushed by the hoof, of a toad, Babr.28.6.

2 soften metal or other materials for working,

ὥσπερ σίδηρον μ. Pl.R. 411b

:—[voice] Pass., Arist. Mete. 383a31.

3 calm, μαλάξοντες βιατὰν πόντον, of the Dioscuri, Lyr.Adesp.133.

II metaph., soften, appease, σπλάγχνον, ὀργάς, E. Or. 1201, Alc. 771; χρόνος μαλάξει σε will relieve thee, ib. 381, cf. 1085; [θωπεῖαι] τοὺς θυμοὺς μαλάττουσαι ποιοῦσιν κηρίνους interpol. in Pl.Lg. 633d;

μ. τὸ τῆς φύσεως σκληρόν Plb.4.21.3

;

μ. τὰ ἤθη Plu.2.156d

:— [voice] Pass., to be softened, relent,

πρὸς θεῶν, μαλάσσου S.Aj. 594

; τί κακόν ποτ' ἔσθ' ὅτῳ μαλάττομαι; Ar.V. 973; τῶν ψυχῶν -ομένων (by music) Phld.Mus.p.33 K.; μ. νόσου to be relieved from disease, S.Ph. 1334; of fever, remit, Hp.Epid.3.17.5, cf. Coac. 380;

τὰ πολλὰ τῶν δεινῶν ἡμέρας μαλάσσεται S.Fr.65

.

ποιμήν, ένος, ὁ (s. prec. two entries; Hom.+; pap, LXX; JosAs; ApcEl [PSI I, 7 verso, 1]; AscIs, ApcrEzk, Philo; Jos., Ant. 8, 404 al.)

① one who herds sheep, shepherd, sheep-herder (Demetr.: 722 Fgm. 1, 13 Jac. nomads; Theoph. Ant. 2, 35 [p. 190, 8]. In imagery or parable: Orig., C. Cels. 4, 17, 21) Mt 9:36=Mk 6:34 (Num 27:17); Mt 25:32; GJs 4:3; 18:3 (codd.). Of the shepherds at Jesus’ birth Lk 2:8, 15, 18, 20 (s. HGressmann, Das Weihnachtsevangelium 1914 [on this CClemen, StKr 89, 1916, 237–52]; JGeffcken, D. Hirten auf dem Felde: Her 49, 1914, 321–51 [against him JKroll, Her 50, 1915, 137ff]; Clemen² 1924, 195; 203ff; IHarrie, Die Anbetung der Hirten: ARW 23, 1925, 369–82; RBultmann, Gesch. d. Syn. Trad.² ’31, 323–6; GErdmann, D. Vorgesch. d. Lk u. Mt ’32; ADeissmann, D. Anbetung d. Hirten u. d. Anbetung d. Weisen: Lutherring 16, ’35, 377–82).—In imagery, w. detail predominating: πατάξω τὸν ποιμένα, καὶ διασκορπισθήσονται (v.l. and also more grammatically correct:-θήσεται) τὰ πρόβατα τῆς ποίμνης (cp. Zech 13:7) Mt 26:31; Mk 14:27; B 5:12. Of Christ in extended imagery J 10:2, 7 v.l., 16; (opp. ὁ μισθωτός) vs. 12; ὁ ποιμὴν ὁ καλός vs. 11ab, 14 (Maximus Tyr. 6, 7d Cyrus is called ποιμὴν ἀγαθός, because he protects the Persian ‘flock’ fr. the barbarian ‘wolves’).

② one who serves as guardian or leader, shepherd, fig. ext. of 1 (Diog. L. 9, 40 Democritus is called ποιμὴν [=guardian] μύθων)

ⓐ esp. freq. in Hermas (Leutzsch, Hermas 439f n. 546)

α. as the angel of repentance and bearer of a revelation (MDibelius, Der Offenbarungsträger im ‘Hirten’ des H.: Harnack-Ehrung 1921, 105–18; Rtzst., Erlösungsmyst. 1921, 149) Hv 5:3, 7; Hs 2:1; 5, 1, 1; 8, 1, 4; 18; 8, 2, 5f; 8; 8, 4, 1; 8, 5, 1; 6; 8, 6, 1; 9, 1, 1; 9, 2, 6; 9, 5, 1; 7; 9, 7, 1; 3f; 9, 8, 1; 9, 9, 5–7; 9, 10, 1; 4; 6; 9, 11, 1; 8; 10, 3, 4f [=POxy 404 recto C, 15; 20 restored].

β. in the vision of the shepherds Hs 6, 1, 5f; 6, 2, 1; 5f; 6, 3, 2; 7:1.

ⓑ of those who lead Christian communities/congregations/ churches

α. God (Philo, Agr. 51; Aberciusins. 3 π. ἁγνός) IRo 9:1.

β. Christ τὸν ποιμένα τῶν προβάτων τὸν μέγαν Hb 13:20 (RGyllenberg, D. Christol. des Hb: ZST 11, ’34, 662–90). τὸν ποιμένα καὶ ἐπίσκοπον τῶν ψυχῶν ὑμῶν 1 Pt 2:25 (cp. Philo, Mut. Nom. 116 of the θεῖος λόγος; Ezk 34:23). ποιμ. τῆς ἐκκλησίας MPol 19:2. S. above 1, end, and Hdb. exc. after J 10:21; Bultmann 276–93; JQuasten, Hlg. Überliefg. (edited by OCasel) ’38, 51–58 (Hellenistic and early Christian); WJost, Poimen. D. Bild v. Hirten in d. bibl. Überl. u. s. christol. Bed., diss. Giessen ’39; TKempf, Christus der Hirt ’42; VMuller, Prehistory of the Good Shepherd: JNES 3, ’44, 87–90.

γ. human leaders (on ‘shepherds’ as the founders and temporary thiasarchs [leaders] of Gk. religious guilds s. EMaass, Orpheus 1895, 181; Himerius, Or. 54 [=Or. 15] when greeting his newly arrived students, compares the teachers to shepherds [ἀγελάρχαι] and the pupils to the flock [ἀγέλη alternating with ποίμνιον §2]. S. also Jer 2:8; 3:15; Ezk 34:2) pastor Eph 4:11 (w. other church leaders). ὅπου ὁ ποιμήν (i.e. the superintendent/supervisor) ἐστιν, ἐκεῖ ὡς πρόβατα ἀκολουθεῖτε IPhld 2:1. S. also IRo 9:1 (Ign. as ‘shepherd’ of the Syrian church).—EHatch/AHarnack, D. Gesellschaftsverf. der christl. Kirchen im Altertum 1883, 230; HBruders, D. Verfassung der Kirche bis zum Jahr 175 n. Chr. 1904, 190f; 371f; Harnack, D. Mission⁴ I 1923, 350f; NCavatassi, De Munere Pastoris in NT: Verb. Domini 29, ’51, 215–27; 275–85.—B. 149. DELG. EDNT. RAC XV 577–607. M-M. TW.

ἐπίσκοπος, ου, ὁ (s. prec. entry; Hom. et al.; Diod S 37, 28, 1 [of a king w. synonym θεατής], ins, pap, LXX; JosAs 15:7 cod. A [p. 61, 16 Bat.] μετάνοια … ἐπίσκοπος πάντων τῶν παρθένων; Philo, Joseph.—LPorter, The Word ἐπίσκοπος in Pre-Christian Usage: ATR 21, ’39, 103–12) gener. ‘one who watches over, guardian’. BThiering, ‘Mebaqqer’ and ‘Episkopos’ in the Light of the Temple Scroll: JBL 100, ’81, 59–74 (office of ‘bishop’ adopted fr. Essene lay communities; cp. CD 14, 8–12; בקר Ezk 34:11 [LXX ἐπισκέπτειν]).

① one who has the responsibility of safeguarding or seeing to it that someth. is done in the correct way, guardian (so Il. 22, 255, deities are guardians of agreements, i.e. they ‘see to it’ that they are kept; Aeschyl., Sept. 272; Soph., Ant. 1148; Pla., Leg. 4, 717d; Plut., Cam. 5, 6 θεοὶ χρηστῶν ἐπίσκοποι καὶ πονηρῶν ἔργων; Maximus Tyr. 5, 8e ὦ Ζεῦ κ. Ἀθηνᾶ κ. Ἄπολλον, ἐθῶν ἀνθρωπίνων ἐπίσκοποι; Babrius 11, 4 P. ’84=L-P.; Herodian 7, 10, 3. Oft. Cornutus, ed. Lang, index; SIG 1240, 21; UPZ 144, 49 [164 B.C.]; PGM 4, 2721; Job 20:29; Wsd 1:6; Philo, Migr. Abr. 115 al.; SibOr, Fgm. 1, 3) παντὸς πνεύματος κτίστης κ. ἐπίσκοπος creator and guardian of every spirit 1 Cl 59:3.—Of Christ (w. ποιμήν) ἐ. τῶν ψυχῶν guardian of the souls 1 Pt 2:25. The passages IMg 3:1 θεῷ τῷ πάντων ἐ.; cp. 6:1 show the transition to the next mng.

② In the Gr-Rom. world ἐ. freq. refers to one who has a definite function or fixed office of guardianship and related activity within a group (Aristoph., Av. 1023; IG XII/1, 49, 43ff [II/I B.C.], 50, 34ff [I B.C.]; LBW 1989; 1990; 2298; Num 31:14 al.; PPetr III, 36a verso, 16 [III B.C.]; Jos., Ant. 10, 53; 12, 254), including a religious group (IG XII/1, 731, 8: an ἐ. in the temple of Apollo at Rhodes. S. Dssm., NB 57f [BS 230f]. Cp. also Num 4:16. On the Cynic-Stoic preacher as ἐπισκοπῶν and ἐπίσκοπος s. ENorden, Jahrb. klass. Phil Suppl. 19, 1893, 377ff.—Philo, Rer. Div. Her. 30 Moses as ἐ.). The term was taken over in Christian communities in ref. to one who served as overseer or supervisor, with special interest in guarding the apostolic tradition (Iren., Orig., Hippol.). Ac 20:28 (RSchnackenburg, Schriften zum NT, ’71, 247–67; ELöwestam, Paul’s Address at Miletus: StTh 41, ’87, 1–10); (w. διάκονοι) Phil 1:1 (JReumann, NTS 39, ’93, 446–50); D 15:1; 1 Ti 3:2; Tit 1:7 (s. BEaston, Pastoral Epistles ’47, 173; 177; 227). ἀπόστολοι, ἐ., διδάσκαλοι, διάκονοι Hv 3, 5, 1; (w. φιλόξενοι) Hs 9, 27, 2. Esp. freq. in Ignatius IEph 1:3; 2:1f; 3:2; 4:1; 5:1f and oft.; 2 Ti subscr.: Tim., overseer of the Ephesians; Tit subscr.: Titus overseer of the Cretan Christians. The ecclesiastical loanword ‘bishop’ is too technical and loaded with late historical baggage for precise signification of usage of ἐπίσκοπος and cognates in our lit., esp. the NT.—EHatch-AHarnack, D. Gesellschaftsverf. d. christ. Kirchen im Altert. 1883; Harnack, D. Lehre d. 12 Apostel 1884, 88ff, Entstehung u. Entwicklung der Kirchenverfassung u. des Kirchenrechts in d. zwei ersten Jahrh. 1910; ELoening, D. Gemeindeverf. d. Urchristent. 1888; CWeizsäcker, D. apost. Zeitalter² 1892, 613ff; RSohm, Kirchenrecht I 1892; JRéville, Les origines de l’épiscopat 1894; HBruders, D. Verf. d. Kirche bis z. J. 175, 1904; RKnopf, D. nachapostl. Zeitalter 1905, 147ff; PBatiffol-FSeppelt, Urkirche u. Katholicismus 1910, 101ff; OScheel, Z. urchristl. Kirchen-u. Verfassungsproblem: StKr 85, 1912, 403–57; HLietzmann, Z. altchr. Verfassungsgesch.: ZWT 55, 1913, 101–6 (=Kleine Schriften I, ’58, 144–48); EMetzner, D. Verf. d. Kirche in d. zwei ersten Jahrh. 1920; KMüller, Beiträge z. Gesch. d. Verf. in d. alten Kirche: ABA 1922, no. 3; HDieckmann, D. Verf. d. Urkirche 1923; GvHultum, ThGl 19, 1927, 461–88; GHolstein, D. Grundlagen d. evangel. Kirchenrechts 1928; JJeremias, Jerusalem II B 1, 1929, 132ff (against him KGoetz, ZNW 30, ’31, 89–93); BStreeter, The Primitive Church 1929; OLinton, D. Problem d. Urkirche usw. ’32 (lit. from 1880); JLebreton-JZeiller, L’Eglise primitive ’34; HBeyer, D. Bischofamt im NT: Deutsche Theologie 1, ’34, 201–25; HGreeven, Propheten, Lehrer, Vorsteher bei Pls: ZNW 44, ’52/53, 1–43 (lit.); HvCampenhausen, Kirchl. Amt u. geistl. Vollmacht in den ersten 3 Jahrhunderten ’53; WMichaelis, Das Ältestenamt der christlichen Gemeinde im Lichte der Hl. Schrift ’53; RBultmann, Theol. of the NT (tr. KGrobel) ’55, II, 95–111; TManson, The Church’s Ministry ’56; FNötscher, Vom Alten zum NT ’62, 188–220; DMoody, Interpretation 19, ’65, 168–81; HBraun, Qumran u. das NT ’66, II 326–42; RGG³ I 335–37 (lit.); JFitzmyer, PSchubert Festschr., ’66, 256f, n. 41 (lit.); RAC II 394–407; RBrown, TS 41, ’80, 322–38 (rev. of NT data).—Poland 377. M-M. EDNT. TW. Sv.

     ἀξιοσπούδαστος

     ἀξιο-σπούδαστος

    2

    заслуживающий усердия, стоящий труда

    

(ἄγῶνες τῶν ψυχῶν Xen.; ἀγαθά Plut.)

     τιμιότης

     τῑμιότης

    - ητος ἥ

    1) богатство

    

(τῆς πόλεως NT.)

    2) ценность, достоинство (sc. τῶν ψυχῶν Arst.)

μετενσωμᾰτ-ωσις, εως, ἡ,

A transmigration of the soul, Hippol.Haer.1.3.2, Plot.2.9.6 (pl.), 4.3.9, Olymp.in Phd.p.54 N.;

τῶν ψυχῶν Herm.in Phdr.p.61

A., Hierocl. Prov.p.172 B.

ἀγρυπν-έω, [tense] pf.

A

ἠγρύπνηκα Hp.Prog.2

:—lie awake, pass sleepless nights, Thgn.471, Hp.l.c., Pl.Lg. 695a, etc.; opp. καθεύδω, X.Cyr. 8.3.42; ἀγρυπνεῖν τὴν νύκτα to pass a sleepless night, Id.HG7.2.19, Men.113; οἱ -οῦντες sufferers from insomnia, Dsc.4.64.

2 metaph., to be watchful, LXX Wi.6.15, Ev.Marc.13.33, Ep.Eph.6.18;

ὑπὲρ τῶν ψυχῶν Ep.Heb.13.17

;

ἐπὶ τὰ κακά LXX Da.9.14

: c. inf.,

μηθέν σε ἐνοχλήσειν PGrenf.2.14a3

.

3 c.acc., lie awake and think of,

τινά PMag.Par.1.2966

.

ἀπογένεσις, εως, ἡ,

A decease,

τὰς τῶν ψυχῶν γενέσεις καὶ ἀ. Porph. Antr.31

, cf. 24, Plot.3.4.6.